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create more
new materials produce zero
waste
than it uses

produce more clean more air
energy than it and water
uses than it pollutes
Sustainable
company

Fig. 3.5. Capabilities of a sustainable company

A sustainable company combines the Lean manufacturing features with the green technologies.
In fact, the Lean manufacturing features improve the dynamic of the transition to green [11,13].

Experts consider that a green manufacturing company is built on 7 pillars, usually named as
„Green Value streams”. Each pillar is a criterion for improvement.

7 7
wastes of Lean green wastes
Inventory Energy

Movement Water
Defects Materials

Transportation Transportation
Overproduction Waste to landfill
Excess processing Emissions

Waiting Biodiversity

Fig. 3.6. Seven pillars of wastes of Lean vs seven pillars of green wastes. Source:
https://evocon.com/articles/what-is-green-manufacturing-and-why-does-it-matter/ (adapted)

The difference between Lean and Green is that in the case of Lean, waste is viewed from the
customer perspective, and in the case of Green – from the environment’s perspective.

The structure of the lean approach, e.g. DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control), is
applicable to green manufacturing approach as well.

3.3 Smart factories

The structure of a smart factory is designed to leverage advanced technologies, automation, and
data exchange to create a highly efficient, flexible, and intelligent manufacturing environment.
The primary goal of a smart factory is to optimize production processes, reduce downtime,
improve quality, and enable real-time data-driven decision-making [8].

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