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3 Micro credentials

3.1 Definition of Micro credentials

The concept of micro credentials was defined by the European Commission, attempting to clarify
not only the term itself, but most of all, to define what is the purpose of Micro credentials once
several countries already use similar processes.

1
According to the European Commission (2020) a micro credential is
‘A micro credential is a proof of the learning outcomes that a learner has acquired following a
short learning experience. These learning outcomes have been assessed against transparent
standards. The proof is contained in a certified document that lists the name of the holder, the
achieved learning outcomes, the assessment method, the awarding body and, where applicable,
the qualifications framework level and the credits gained. Micro credentials are owned by the
learner, can be shared, are portable and may be combined into larger credentials or qualifications.
They are underpinned by quality assurance following agreed standards.’

European countries are working on the best way to process and operationalise the term, at
different speeds. While in some countries discussions about micro credentials are still at an initial
phase, in other countries micro credentials are already explicitly referenced. (Cedefop 2023)

Estonia and Spain are already formally considering micro credentials as part of formal systems.
Micro credentials are seen a bridge between labour market needs and lifelong learning, reskilling
and upskilling, recognising of prior learning, in a wide range of learners.

For instance, Poland, Slovenia and Finland defined consultation groups on micro credentials.

The Netherlands and Norway already embed micro credentials into formal VET systems. In
Sweden several government bodies are taking forward discussion on the description, recognition,
premises and portability of micro credentials.

Spain formally considered the micro credentials as part of formal VET.

Ireland has included short courses and certificates in its NQF (since 2003) considering micro
credentials crucial to their national education and training landscape. Initially delivered by
colleges and universities (NQF level 6), micro credentials have also spread into VET; digital badges
and other micro credentials. In 2021, the Irish Qualifications Authority introduced a working
definition stating that ‘a micro credential is a qualification that attests to a small-volume, highly
specific learning achievement’.

The Industrial revolution 4.0 increased the need of reskilling and upskilling. Companies are aware
that people need to learn how to use new technology – internet of things, artificial intelligence,

1 Source: European Commission (2020); definition used in CEDEFOP’s study

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